Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Pages 22-30 , March 2005

Nanostructure-mediated drug delivery

Received 21 October 2004 ,Accepted 30 November 2004.

References 

  1. Kefalides PT. New methods for drug delivery. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:1053–1055
  2. Bradbury J. Beyond pills and jabs. Lancet. 2003;362:1984–1985
  3. Henry CM. New wrinkles in drug delivery. Chem Eng News. 2004;82:37–42
  4. VisionGain. Drug delivery 2003: new technologies in the global market. VisionGain, June 2003.
  5. El-Aneed A. An overview of current delivery systems in cancer gene therapy. J Controlled Release. 2004;94:1–14
  6. D'Aquino R. Good drug therapy: it's not just the molecule-it's the delivery. CEP Magazine. 2004;100:15S–17S
  7. Roco MC. The US National Nanotechnology Initiative after 3 years (2000-2003). J Nanoparticle Res. 2004;6:1–10
  8. Dubin CH. Special delivery: pharmaceutical companies aim to target their drugs with nano precision. Mech Eng Nanotechnol. 2004;126(Suppl.):10–12
  9. Dass CR, Su T. Particle-mediated intravascular delivery of oligonucleotides to tumors: associated biology and lessons from genotherapy. Drug Delivery. 2001;8:191–213
  10. Courrier HM, Butz N, Vandamme TF. Pulmonary drug delivery systems: recent developments and prospects. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2002;19:425–498
  11. Senior K. “Nano-dumpling” with drug delivery potential. Mol Med Today. 1998;4:321
  12. LaVan DA, Lynn DM, Langer R. Moving smaller in drug discovery and delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discovery. 2002;1:77–84
  13. LaVan DA, McGuire T, Langer R. Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21:1184–1191
  14. Ravi Kumar MN. Nano and microparticles as controlled drug delivery devices. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2000;3:234–258
  15. Desai MP. Gastrointestinal uptake of biodegradable microparticles: effect of particle size. Pharm Res. 1996;13:1838–1845
  16. Hussain N, Jaitley V, Florence AT. Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2001;50:107–142
  17. Kohli AK, Alpar HO. Potential use of nanoparticles for transcutaneous vaccine delivery: effect of particle size and charge. Int J Pharm. 2004;275:13–17
  18. Brzoska M, Langer K, Coester C, Loitsch S, Wagner TOF, Mallinckrodt Cv. Incorporation of biodegradable nanoparticles into human airway epithelial cells-in vitro study of the suitability as a vehicle for drug or gene delivery in pulmonary diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;318:562–570
  19. Martin CR, Kohli P. The emerging field of nanotube biotechnology. Nat Rev Drug Discovery. 2003;2:29–37
  20. Drummond DC, Meyer O, Hong K, Kirpotin DB. Papahadjopoulos. Optimizing liposomes for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to solid tumors. Pharmacol Rev. 1999;51:691–743
  21. Moselhy J, Wu XY, Nicholov R, Kodaria K. In vitro studies of the interaction of poly(NIPAm/MAA) nanoparticles with proteins and cells. J Biomat Sci Polymer Ed. 2000;11:123–147
  22. Costa P, Sousa Lobo JM. Evaluation of mathematical models describing drug release from estradiol transdermal systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2003;29:89–97
  23. Zhang S. Emerging biological materials through molecular self-assembly. Biotechnol Adv. 2002;20:321–339
  24. Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL, Mucic RC, Storhoff JJ. A DNA method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials. Nature. 1996;382:607–609
  25. Hansma HG, Kasuya K, Oroudjev E. Atomic force microscopy imaging and pulling of nucleic acids. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2004;14:380–385
  26. Cui D. Advance and prospect of bionanomaterials. Biotechnol Prog. 2003;19:683–692
  27. Ai H. Biomedical applications of electrostatic layer-by-layer nano-assembly of polymers, enzymes, and nanoparticles. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2003;39:23–43
  28. Ai H. Electrostatic layer-by-layer nanoassembly on biological microtemplates: platelets. Biomacromolecules. 2002;3:560–564
  29. Mamalis AG, Vogtländer LOG, Markopoulos A. Nanotechnology and nanostructured materials: trends in carbon nanotubes. Precision Eng. 2004;28:16–30
  30. Lowe CR. Nanobiotechnology: the fabrication and applications of chemical and biological nanostructures. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2000;10:428–434
  31. Lanyi JK. Proton pumps: mechanism of action and applications. Trends Biotechnol. 2001;19:140–144
  32. Zhang S, Marini DM, Hwang W, Santoso S. Design of nanostructured biological materials through self-assembly of peptides and proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2002;6:865–871
  33. Cans A-S, Wittenberg N, Karlsson R, Sombers L, Karlsson M, Orwar O, et al. Artificial cells: unique insights into exocytosis using liposomes and lipid nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:400–404
  34. Tomii Y. Lipid formulations as a drug carrier for drug delivery. Curr Pharm Design. 2002;8:467–474
  35. Fukui H, Koike T, Saheki A, Sonoke S, Tomii Y, Seki J. Evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of amphotericin B incorporated in lipid nano-sphere (LNS). Int J Pharm. 2003;263:51–60
  36. Fukui H, Koike T, Nakagawa T, Saheki A, Sonoke S, Tomii Y, et al. Comparison of LNS-AmB, a novel low-dose formulation of amphotericin B with lipid nano-sphere (LNS), with commercial lipid-based formulations. Int J Pharm. 2003;267:101–112
  37. Seki J, Sonoke S, Saheki A, Koike T, Fukui H, Doi M, et al. Lipid transfer protein transports compounds from lipid nanoparticles to plasma lipoproteins. Int J Pharm. 2004;275:239–248
  38. Seki J. A nanometer lipid emulsion, lipid nano-sphere (LNS), as a parenteral drug carrier for passive drug targeting. Int J Pharm. 2004;273:75–83
  39. Cevc G. Lipid vesicles and other colloids as drug carriers on the skin. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2004;56:675–711
  40. Fang J-Y, Leu Y-L, Chang C-C, Lin C-H, Tsai Y-H. Lipid nano/submicron emulsions as vehicles for topical flurbiprofen delivery. Drug Delivery. 2004;11:97–105
  41. Lundberg BB, Risovic V, Ramaswamy M, Wasan KM. A lipophilic paclitaxel derivative incorporated in a lipid emulsion for parenteral administration. J Controlled Release. 2003;86:93–100
  42. Kayser O, Kiderlin AF. Delivery strategies for antiparasitics. Expert Opin Invest Drugs. 2003;12:197–207
  43. Fernandez-Lopez S, Kim H-S, Choi EC, Delgado M, Granja JR, Khasanov A, et al. Antibacterial agents based on the cyclic D. L-α-peptide architecture. Nature. 2001;412:452–455
  44. Djalali R, Samson J, Matsui H. Doughnut-shaped peptide nano-assemblies and their applications as nanoreactors. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:7935–7939
  45. Mao S, Shuai X, Unger F, Simon M, Bi D, Kissel T. The depolymerization of chitosan: effects on physicochemical and biological properties. Int J Pharm. 2004;281:45–54
  46. Park JH, Kwon S, Nam J-O, Park R-W, Chung H, Seo SB, et al. Self-assembled nanoparticles based on glycol chitosan bearing 5β-cholanic acid for RGD peptide delivery. J Controlled Release. 2004;95:579–588
  47. Van der Lubben IM. Chitosan and its derivatives in mucosal drug and vaccine delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001;14:201–207
  48. Bozkir A, Saka OM. Chitosan nanoparticles for plasmid DNA delivery: effect of chitosan molecular structure on formulation and release characteristics. Drug Delivery. 2004;11:107–112
  49. Yamada T, Ueda M, Seno M, Kondo A, Tanizawa K, Kuroda S. Novel tissue and cell type-specific gene / drug delivery system using surface engineered Hepatitis B virus nano-particles. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disorders. 2004;4:163–167
  50. Niemeyer CM. Semi-synthetic nucleic acid-protein conjugates: applications in life sciences and nanobiotechnology. Rev Mol Biotechnol. 2001;82:47–66
  51. Barza M, Stuart M, Szoka F. Effect of size and lipid composition on the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal liposomes. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 1987;28:893–900
  52. Moghimi SM, Szebeni J. Stealth liposomes and long circulation nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog Lipid Res. 2003;42:463–478
  53. Peer D. Loading mitomycin C inside long circulating hyaluronan targeted nano-liposomes increases its antitumor activity in three mice tumor models. Int J Cancer. 2004;108:780–789
  54. Coldren B, Boyer C, Kisak ET, Evans CA, Zasadzinski JA. The vesosome-a multicompartment drug delivery vehicle. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11:199–219
  55. Cevc G. Hydration-driven transport of deformable lipid vesicles through fine pores and the skin barrer. Biophys J. 2003;84:1010–1024
  56. Landgraf W, Li N-H, Benson JR. Polymer microcarrier exhibiting zero-order release. Drug Delivery Technol. 2003;3
  57. Duncan R. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discovery. 2003;2:347–360
  58. Li YY, Cunin F, Link JR, Cao T, Belts RE, Reiver SH, et al. Polymer replicas of photonic porous silicon for sensing and drug delivery applications. Science. 2003;299:2045–2048
  59. Dalby MJ, Berry CC, Riehle MO, Sutherland DS, Agheli H, Curtis ASG. Attempted endocytosis of nano-environment produced by colloidal lithography by human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res. 2004;295:387–394
  60. Couvreur P, Barratt G, Fattal E, Legrand P, Vauthier C. Nanocapsule technology: a review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2002;19:99–134
  61. Lu Y, Chen SC. Micro and nano-fabrication of biodegradable polymers for drug delivery. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2004;56:1621–1633
  62. Frenot A, Chronakis IS. Polymer nanofibers assembled by electrospinning. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2003;8:64–75
  63. Ulrich KE, Cannizzaro SM, Langer RS, Shakeshelf KM. Polymeric systems for controlled drug release. Chem Rev. 1999;99:3181–3198
  64. Panyam J, Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2003;55:329–347
  65. Panyam J, Dali MM, Sahoo SK, Ma W, Chakravarthi SS, Amidon GL, et al. Polymer degradation and in vitro release of a model protein from poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nano- and microparticles. J Controlled Release. 2003;92:173–187
  66. Nugent J, Wan Po AL, Scott EM. Design and delivery of non-parenteral vaccines. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1998;23:257–285
  67. Katare YK, Panda AK, Lalwani K, Haque IU, Ali MM. Potentiation of immune response from polymer-entrapped antigen: toward development of single dose tetanus toxoid vaccine. Drug Delivery. 2003;10:231–238
  68. Lee KE, Kim BK, Yuk SH. Biodegradable polymeric nanospheres formed by temperature-induced phase transition in a mixture of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer. Biomacromolecules. 2002;3:1115–1119
  69. Brannon-Peppas L, Blanchette JO. Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2004;56:1649–1659
  70. Rosiak JM, Janik I, Kadlubowski S, Kozicki M, Kujawa P, Stasica P, et al. Nano-, micro- and macroscopic hydrogels synthesized by radiation technique. Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res B. 2003;208:325–330
  71. Ggiannavola C, Bucolo C, Maltese A, Paolino D, Vandelli MA, Puglisi G, et al. Influence of preparation conditions on acyclovir-loaded poly-d,l-lactic acid nanospheres and effect of PEG coating on ocular drug bioavailability. Pharm Res. 2003;20:584–590
  72. Kompella UB. Subconjunctival nano- and microparticles sustain retinal delivery of budesonide, a corticosteroid capable of inhibiting VEGF expression. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2003;44:1192–1201
  73. Sanchez A, Tobio M, Gonzalez L, Fabra A, Alonso MJ. Biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles as long-term delivery vehicles for interferon-alpha. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2003;18:221–229
  74. Salgueiro A, Gamisans F, Espina M, Alcober X, Garcia ML, Egea MA. Cyclophosphamide-loaded nanospheres: analysis of the matrix structure by thermal and spectroscopic methods. J Microencapsulation. 2002;19:305–310
  75. Piddubnyak V, Kurcok P, Matuszowicz A, Glowala M, Fiszer-Keirzkowska A, Jedlinski Z, et al. Oligo-3-hydroxybutyrates as potential carriers for drug delivery. Biomaterials. 2004;25:5271–5279
  76. Kim JI, Jun YJ, Seong J-Y, Jun MJ, Sohn YS. Synthesis and characterization of nanosized poly(organophosphazenes) with methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) and dipeptide ethyle esters as side groups. Polymer. 2004;45:7083–7089
  77. Moghimi SM. Capture of stealth nanoparticles by the body's defences. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2001;18:527–550
  78. Kumar R, Ming-Hsiung C, Parmar VS, Samuelson LA, Kumar J, Nicolosi R, et al. Supramolecular assemblies based on copolymers of PEG600 and functionalized aromatic diesters for drug delivery applications. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:10640–10644
  79. Vila A, Gill H, McCallion O, Alonso MJ. Transport of PLA-PEG particles across the nasal mucosa: effect of particle size and PEG coating density. J Controlled Release. 2004;98:231–244
  80. Luu YK. Development of a nanostructured DNA delivery scaffold via electrospinning of PLGA and PLA-PEG block copolymers. J Controlled Release. 2003;89:341–353
  81. Zhang L, Hu Y, Jiang X, Yang C, Lu W, Yah YH. Camptothecin derivative-loaded poly(caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-PEG-b-poly(caprolactone-co-lactide) nanoparticles and their biodistribution in mice. J Controlled Release. 2004;96:135–148
  82. Rodrigues JS, Santos-Magalhaes NS, Coelho LCBB, Couvreur P, Ponchel G, Gref R. Novel core(polyester)-shell(polysaccharide) nanoparticles: protein loading and surface modification with lectins. J Controlled Release. 2003;92:103–112
  83. Van Domeselaar GH, Kwon GS, Andrew LC, Wishart DS. Application of solid phase peptide synthesis to engineering PEO-peptide block copolymers for drug delivery. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. 2003;30:323–334
  84. Panoyan A, Quesnel R, Hildgen P. Injectable nanospheres from a novel multiblock copolymer: cytocompatibility, degradation and in vitro release studies. J Microencapsulation. 2003;20:745–758
  85. Otsuka H, Nagasaki Y, Kataoka K. PEGylated nanoparticles for biological and pharmaceutical applications. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2003;55:403–419
  86. Kim IH, Park JH, Cheong IW, Kim JH. Swelling and drug release behavior of tablets coated with aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) nanoparticles. J Controlled Release. 2003;89:225–233
  87. Pricl S, Fermeglia M, Ferrone M, Asquini A. Scaling properties in the molecular structure of three-dimensional, nanosized phenylene-based dendrimers as studied by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Carbon. 2003;41:2269–2283
  88. Namazi H, Adeli M. Dendrimers of citric acid and poly(ethylene glycol) as the new drug-delivery agents. Biomaterials. 2004;26:1175–1183
  89. Cloninger MJ. Biological applications of dendrimers. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2002;6:742–746
  90. Hussain M, Shchepinov M, Sohail M, Benter IF, Hollins AJ, Southern EM, et al. A novel anionic dendrimer for improved cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. J Controlled Release. 2004;99:139–155
  91. Yang H, Lopina ST. Penicillin V-conjugated PEG-PAMAM star polymers. J Biomat Sci Polymer Ed. 2003;14:1043–1056
  92. Quintana A, Raczka E, Piehler L, Lee I, Myc A, Majoros I, et al. Design and function of a dendrimer-based therapeutic nanodevice targeted to tumor cells through the folate receptor. Pharm Res. 2002;19:1310–1316
  93. Meijer EW, Van Genderen MHP. Chemistry: dendrimers set to self-destruct. Nature. 2003;426:128–129
  94. Kannan S, Kolhe P, Raykova V, Glibatec M, Kannan RM, Lieh-Lai M, et al. Dynamics of cellular entry and drug delivery by dendritic polymers into human lung epithelial carcinoma cells. J Biomat Sci Polymer Ed. 2004;15:311–330
  95. Jevprasesphant R, Penny J, Attwood D, D'Emanuele A. Transport of dendrimer nanocarriers through epithelial cells via the transcellular route. J Controlled Release. 2004;97:259–267
  96. Neerman MF, Zhang W, Parrish AR, Simanek EE. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a melamine dendrimer as a vehicle for drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2004;281:129–132
  97. Tansey W, Ke S, Cao XY, Pasuelo MJ, Wallace S, Li C. Synthesis and characterization of branched poly(L-glutamic acid) as a biodegradable drug carrier. J Controlled Release. 2004;94:39–51
  98. Paleos CM, Tsiourvas D, Sideratou Z, Tziveleka L. Acid- and salt-triggered multifunctional poly(propylene imine) dendrimer as a prospective drug delivery system. Biomacromolecules. 2004;5:524–529
  99. Sashiwa H, Aiba S-I. Chemically modified chitin and chitosan as biomaterials. Prog Polymer Sci. 2004;29:887–908
  100. Aulenta F, Hayes W, Rannard S. Dendrimers: a new class of nanoscopic containers and drug delivery devices. Eur Polymer J. 2003;39:1741–1771
  101. Prinz AV, Prinz VYa, Seleznev VA. Semiconductor micro- and nanoneedles for microinjections and ink-jet printing. Microelectronic Eng. 2003;67-68:782–788
  102. Tao SL, Desai TA. Microfabricated drug delivery systems: from particles to pores. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2003;55:315–328
  103. Chen J-F, Ding H-M, Wang J-X, Shao L. Preparation and characterization of porous hollow silica nanoparticles for drug delivery application. Biomaterials. 2004;25:723–727
  104. Li Z-Z, Wen L-X, Shao L, Chen J-F. Fabrication of porous hollow silica nanoparticles and their applications in drug release control. J Controlled Release. 2004;98:245–254
  105. Li X, St John J, Coffer JL, Chen Y, Pinizzotto RF, Newey J, et al. Porosified silicon wafer structures impregnated with platinum anti-tumor compounds: Fabrication, characterization, and diffusion studies. Biomed Microdevices. 2000;2:265–272
  106. Weis RP, Montchamp J-L, Coffer JL, Attiah DG, Desai TA. Calcified nanostructured silicon wafer surfaces for biosensing: effects of surface modification on bioactivity. Dis Markers. 2002;18:159–165
  107. Leoni L, Desai TA. Micromachined biocapsules for cell-based sensing and delivery. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2004;56:211–229
  108. Chen JF, Ding HM, Wang JX, Shao L. Preparation and characterization of porous hollow silica nanoparticles for drug delivery application. Biomaterials. 2004;25:723–727
  109. Jain TK, Roy I, De TK, Maitra AN. Nanometer silica particles enacapsulating active compounds: a novel ceramic drug carrier. J Am Chem Soc. 1998;120:11092–11095
  110. Sameti M, Bohr G, Ravi Kumar MN, Kneuer C, Bakowsky U, Nacken M, et al. Stabilisation by freeze-drying of cationically modified silica nanoparticles for gene delivery. Int J Pharm. 2003;266:51–60
  111. Gogotsi Y, Naguib N, Libera LA. In situ chemical experiments in carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett. 2002;365:354–360
  112. Becker L, Poreda RJ, Bunch TE. An extraterrestrial carbon carrier phase for noble gases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:2979–2983
  113. Shi Kam NW, Jessop TC, Wender PA, Dai H. Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nanotube-protein conjugates into mammalian cells. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:6850–6851
  114. Pantarotto D, Partidos CD, Hoebeke J, Brown F, Kramer E, Briand JP, et al. Immunization with peptide-functionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virus-specific neutralizing antibody responses. Chem Biol. 2003;10:961–969
  115. Panhuis M. Vaccine delivery by carbon nanotubes. Chem Biol. 2003;10:897–898
  116. Truskett TM. The subtleties of water in small spaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:10139–10140
  117. Kalra A, Garde S, Hummer G. Osmotic water transport through carbon nanotube membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:10175–10180
  118. Zhu F, Schulten K. Water and proton conduction through carbon nanotubes as models for biological channels. Biophys J. 2003;85:236–244
  119. Gao H, Kong Y, Cui D. Spontaneous insertion of DNA oligonucleotides into carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2003;3:471–473
  120. Li H, Wang DQ, Liu BL, Gao LZ. Synthesis of a novel gelatin-carbon nanotubes hybrid hydrogel. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. 2004;33:85–88
  121. Gonzalez KA, Wilson LJ, Wu W, Nancollas GH. Synthesis and in vitro characterization of a tissue-selective fullerene: vectoring C(60)(OH)(16)AMBP to mineralized bone. Bioorganic Med Chem. 2002;10:1991–1997
  122. Foley S, Crowley C, Smaihi M, Bonfils C, Erlanger BF, Seta P, et al. Cellular localization of a water-soluble fullerene derivative. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;294:116–119
  123. Lin AMY, Chyi BY, Wang SD, Yu H-H, Kanakamma PP, Lu T-Y, et al. Carboxyfullerene prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. J Neurochem. 1999;72:1634–1640
  124. Fumelli C, Marconi A, Salvioli S, Straface E, Malorni W, Offidani AM, et al. Carboxyfullerenes protect human keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115:835–841
  125. Tsao N, Luh T-Y, Chou C-K, Chang T-Y, Wu J-J, Liu C-C, et al. In vitro action of carboxyfullerene. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:641–649
  126. Sun Y, Mayers BT, Xia Y. Template-engaged replacement reaction: a one-step approach to the large scale synthesis of metal nanostructures with hollow interiors. Nano Lett. 2002;2:481–485
  127. Rösler A, Vandermeulen GW, Klok HA. Advanced drug delivery devices via self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2001;53:95–108
  128. Bagwe RP, Zhao X, Tan W. Bioconjugated luminescent nanoparticles for biological applications. J Dispersion Sci Technol. 2003;24:453–464

PII: S1549-9634(05)00012-2

doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2004.11.009

Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Pages 22-30 , March 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution