Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
Volume 5, Issue 4 , Pages 394-401 , December 2009

Nanomedicines for ocular NSAIDs: safety on drug delivery

  • Joana Araújo, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  • ,
  • Elisabet Gonzalez, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  • ,
  • Maria Antonia Egea, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  • ,
  • Marisa Luisa Garcia, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  • ,
  • Eliana B. Souto, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
    • Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal.

Received 9 December 2008 ,Accepted 13 February 2009.

References 

  1. Bu HZ, Gukasyan HJ, Goulet L, Lou XJ, Xiang C, Koudriakova T. Ocular disposition, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of nanoparticle-formulated ophthalmic drugs. Curr Drug Metab. 2007;8:91–107
  2. Lang JC. Ocular drug delivery conventional ocular formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1995;16:39–43
  3. Kaur IP, Garg A, Singla AK, Aggarwal D. Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview. Int J Pharm. 2004;269:1–14
  4. Bourlais CL, Acar L, Zia H, Sado PA, Needham T, Leverge R. Ophthalmic drug delivery systems—recent advances. Prog Retin Eye Res. 1998;17:33–58
  5. Romanelli L, Valeri P, Morrone LA, Pimpinella G, Graziani G, Tita B. Ocular absorption and distribution of bendazac after topical administration to rabbits with different vehicles. Life Sci. 1994;54:877–885
  6. Loftssona T, Jarvinen T. Cyclodextrins in ophthalmic drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1999;36:59–79
  7. Kaur IP, Kanwar M. Ocular preparations: the formulation approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2002;28:473–493
  8. Ding S. Recent development in ophthalmic drug delivery. Pharm Sci Tech Today. 1998;1:328–335
  9. Kayser O, Lemke A, Hernandez-Trejo N. The impact of nanobiotechnology on the development of new drug delivery systems. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2005;6:3–5
  10. Brigger I, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:631–651
  11. Srinivasan BD, Kulkarni PS. Inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade in the management of ocular inflammation. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989;312:229–249
  12. Bhattacherjee P. The role of arachidonate metabolites in ocular inflammation. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989;312:211–227
  13. Flach AJ. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;36:259–284
  14. Heier JS, Topping TM, Baumann W, Dirks MS, Chern S. Ketorolac versus prednisolone versus combination therapy in the treatment of acute pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:2034–2039
  15. O'Brien TP. Emerging guidelines for use of NSAID therapy to optimize cataract surgery patient care. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:1131–1137
  16. Flach AJ. Topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in ophthalmology. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2002;42:1–11
  17. Miyake K, Masuda K, Shirato S, Oshika T, Eguchi K, Hoshi H, et al. Comparison of diclofenac and fluorometholone in preventing cystoid macular edema after small incision cataract surgery: a multicentered prospective trial. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44:58–67
  18. Price MO, Price FW. Efficacy of topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% for control of pain or discomfort associated with cataract surgery. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:2015–2019
  19. Walters T, Raizman M, Ernest P, Gayton J, Lehmann R. In vivo pharmacokinetics and in vitro pharmacodynamics of nepafenac, amfenac, ketorolac, and bromfenac. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33:1539–1545
  20. Gamache DA, Graff G, Brady MT, Spellman JM, Yanni JM. Nepafenac, a unique nonsteroidal prodrug with potential utility in the treatment of trauma-induced ocular inflammation: I. Assessment of anti-inflammatory efficacy. Inflammation. 2000;24:357–370
  21. Mainardes RM, Silva LP. Drug delivery systems: past, present, and future. Curr Drug Targets. 2004;5:449–455
  22. Ticho U, Blumenthal M, Zonis S, Gal A, Blank I, Mazor ZW. A clinical trial with Piloplex—a new long-acting pilocarpine compound: preliminary report. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979;11:555–561
  23. Giordano GG, Chevez-Barrios P, Refojo MF, Garcia CA. Biodegradation and tissue reaction to intravitreous biodegradable poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic)acid microspheres. Curr Eye Res. 1995;14:761–768
  24. Giannavola C, Bucolo C, Maltese A, Paolino D, Vandelli MA, Puglisi G, et al. Influence of preparation conditions on acyclovir-loaded poly-d,l-lactic acid nanospheres and effect of PEG coating on ocular drug bioavailability. Pharm Res. 2003;20:584–590
  25. Das SK, Tucker IG, Hill DJ, Ganguly N. Evaluation of poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for mucoadhesive ocular drug delivery. I. Effect of formulation variables on physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles. Pharm Res. 1995;12:534–540
  26. Vega E, Egea MA, Valls O, Espina M, Garcia ML. Flurbiprofen loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for ophthalmic administration. J Pharm Sci. 2006;95:2393–2405
  27. Losa C, Marchal-Heussler L, Orallo F, Vila Jato JL, Alonso MJ. Design of new formulations for topical ocular administration: polymeric nanocapsules containing metipranolol. Pharm Res. 1993;10:80–87
  28. Alonso MJ, Sanchez A. The potential of chitosan in ocular drug delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003;55:1451–1463
  29. Vandervoort J, Ludwig A. Preparation and evaluation of drug-loaded gelatin nanoparticles for topical ophthalmic use. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004;57:251–261
  30. Irache JM, Merodio M, Arnedo A, Camapanero MA, Mirshahi M, Espuelas S. Albumin nanoparticles for the intravitreal delivery of anticytomegaloviral drugs. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2005;5:293–305
  31. Calvo P, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ. Comparative in vitro evaluation of several colloidal systems, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and nanoemulsions, as ocular drug carriers. J Pharm Sci. 1996;85:530–536
  32. Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Puglisi G. Ocular tolerability of Eudragit RS100 and RL100 nanosuspensions as carriers for ophthalmic controlled drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. 2002;91:2636–2641
  33. Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Ferrara P, Maltese A, Puleo A, Puglisi G. Eudragit RS100 nanosuspensions for the ophthalmic controlled delivery of ibuprofen. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2002;16:53–61
  34. Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Spedalieri G, Maltese A, Puglisi G. Flurbiprofen-loaded acrylate polymer nanosuspensions for ophthalmic application. Biomaterials. 2002;23:3247–3255
  35. Adibkia K, Siahi Shadbad MR, Nokhodchi A, Javadzedeh A, Barzegar-Jalali M, Barar J, et al. Piroxicam nanoparticles for ocular delivery: physicochemical characterization and implementation in endotoxin-induced uveitis. J Drug Target. 2007;15:407–416
  36. Gomez-Gaete C, Tsapis N, Besnard M, Bochot A, Fattal E. Encapsulation of dexamethasone into biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2007;331:153–159
  37. Valero J, Egea MA, Espina M, Gamisans F, Garcia ML. Effect of polymerization coadjuvants on nancapsule elaboration and triamcinolone entrapment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1996;22:167–173
  38. Badawi AA, El-Laithy HM, El Qidra RK, El Mofty H, El Dally M. Chitosan based nanocarriers for indomethacin ocular delivery. Arch Pharm Res. 2008;31:1040–1049
  39. Kreilgaard M. Dermal pharmacokinetics of microemulsion formulations determined by in vivo microdialysis. Pharm Res. 2001;18:367–373
  40. Kreilgaard M. Influence of microemulsions on cutaneous drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54(Suppl 1):S77–S98
  41. Gaudana R, Jwala J, Boddu SH, Mitra AK. Recent perspectives in ocular drug delivery. Pharm Res. 2009;26:1197–1216
  42. Patravale VB, Date AA, Kulkarni RM. Nanosuspensions: a promising drug delivery strategy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004;56:827–840
  43. Warisnoicharoen W, Lansley AB, Lawrence MJ. Nonionic oil-in-water microemulsions: the effect of oil type on phase behaviour. Int J Pharm. 2000;198:7–27
  44. Chan J, Maghraby GM, Craig JP, Alany RG. Phase transition water-in-oil microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2007;328:65–71
  45. Lv FF, Zheng LQ, Tung CH. Phase behavior of the microemulsions and the stability of the chloramphenicol in the microemulsion-based ocular drug delivery system. Int J Pharm. 2005;301:237–246
  46. Baydoun L, Furrer P, Gurny R, Muller-Goymann CC. New surface-active polymers for ophthalmic formulations: evaluation of ocular tolerance. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004;58:169–175
  47. Klang S, Abdulrazik M, Benita S. Influence of emulsion droplet surface charge on indomethacin ocular tissue distribution. Pharm Dev Technol. 2000;5:521–532
  48. Fialho SL, da Silva-Cunha A. New vehicle based on a microemulsion for topical ocular administration of dexamethasone. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;32:626–632
  49. Diebold Y, Jarrin M, Saez V, Carvalho EL, Orea M, Calonge M, et al. Ocular drug delivery by liposome-chitosan nanoparticle complexes (LCS-NP). Biomaterials. 2007;28:1553–1564
  50. Zimmer A, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G, Mayer D, Kreuter J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of an ophthalmic pilocarpine nanoparticle-delivery system. Pharm Res. 1994;11:1435–1442
  51. Al-Muhammed J, Ozer AY, Ercan MT, Hincal AA. In-vivo studies on dexamethasone sodium phosphate liposomes. J Microencapsul. 1996;13:293–306
  52. Muller RH, Mader K, Gohla S. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery—a review of the state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000;50:161–177
  53. Muller RH, Petersen RD, Hommoss A, Pardeike J. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic dermal products. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59:522–530
  54. Muller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54(Suppl 1):S131–S155
  55. Souto EB, Mehnert W, Muller RH. Polymorphic behaviour of Compritol888 ATO as bulk lipid and as SLN and NLC. J Microencapsul. 2006;23:417–433
  56. Souto EB, Muller RH. Investigation of the factors influencing the incorporation of clotrimazole in SLN and NLC prepared by hot high-pressure homogenization. J Microencapsul. 2006;23:377–388
  57. Attama AA, Schicke BC, Muller-Goymann CC. Further characterization of theobroma oil-beeswax admixtures as lipid matrices for improved drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2006;64:294–306
  58. Attama AA, Reichl S, Muller-Goymann CC. Diclofenac sodium delivery to the eye: in vitro evaluation of novel solid lipid nanoparticle formulation using human cornea construct. Int J Pharm. 2008;355:307–313
  59. Keck CM, Muller RH. Drug nanocrystals of poorly soluble drugs produced by high pressure homogenisation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2006;62:3–16
  60. Trotta M, Gallarate M, Pattarino F, Morel S. Emulsions containing partially water-miscible solvents for the preparation of drug nanosuspensions. J Control Release. 2001;76:119–128
  61. Merisko-Liversidge E, Liversidge GG, Cooper ER. Nanosizing: a formulation approach for poorly-water-soluble compounds. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2003;18:113–120
  62. Muller RH, Jacobs C, Kayser O. Nanosuspensions as particulate drug formulations in therapy. Rationale for development and what we can expect for the future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;47:3–19
  63. Kipp JE. The role of solid nanoparticle technology in the parenteral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm. 2004;284:109–122
  64. Van Eerdenbrugh B, Froyen L, Van Humbeeck J, Martens JA, Augustijns P, Van den Mooter G. Drying of crystalline drug nanosuspensions—the importance of surface hydrophobicity on dissolution behavior upon redispersion. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2008;35:127–135
  65. Joseph TM. A critical look at ocular allergy drugs. Am Fam Physician. 1996;53:2637–2642
  66. Sitenga GL, Ing EB, Van Dellen RG, Younge BR, Leavitt JA. Asthma caused by topical application of ketorolac. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:890–892
  67. Stroobants A, Fabre K, Maudgal PC. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on the rabbit corneal epithelium studied by scanning electron microscopy. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2000;276:73–81
  68. Valls R, Vega E, Garcia ML, Egea MA, Valls OJ. Transcorneal permeation in a corneal device of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems. The Open Med Chem J. 2008;2:66–71
  69. Suri SS, Fenniri H, Singh B. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2007;2:16
  70. Kay JH, Calandra JK. Interpretation of eye irritation test. J Soc Cosm Chem. 1962;13:281–289
  71. Agnihotri SM, Vavia PR. Diclofenac-loaded biopolymeric nanosuspensions for ophthalmic application. Nanomedicine. 2009;5:90–95
  72. Bucolo C, Maltese A, Puglisi G, Pignatello R. Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension. Ophthalmic Res. 2002;34:319–323

 No conflict of interest was reported by the authors of this paper.

PII: S1549-9634(09)00057-4

doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.02.003

Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
Volume 5, Issue 4 , Pages 394-401 , December 2009