Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Pages 227-236 , April 2010

Pharmaceutical foams: are they the answer to the dilemma of topical nanoparticles?

  • Yanjun Zhao, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, UK
  • ,
  • Marc B. Brown, PhD

      Affiliations

    • MedPharm Ltd., Surrey Research Park, Guildford, UK
    • School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
  • ,
  • Stuart A. Jones, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author:

Received 31 May 2009 ,Accepted 4 August 2009.

References 

  1. Souto EB, Muller RH. Cosmetic features and applications of lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC). Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008;30:157–165
  2. Dingler A, Blum RP, Niehus H, Muller RH, Gohla S. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN™/Lipopearls™)—a pharmaceutical and cosmetic carrier for the application of vitamin E in dermal products. J Microencapsul. 1999;16:751–767
  3. Jenning V, Gohla SH. Encapsulation of retinoids in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN (R)). J Microencapsul. 2001;8:149–158
  4. Wissing SA, Muller RH, Manthei L, Mayer C. Structural characterization of Q10-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by NMR spectroscopy. Pharm Res. 2004;21:400–405
  5. Puglia C, Blasi P, Rizza L, Schoubben A, Bonina F, Rossi C, et al. Lipid nanoparticles for prolonged topical delivery: an in vitro and in vivo investigation. Int J Pharm. 2008;357:295–304
  6. Jenning V, Schafer-Korting M, Gohla SH. Vitamin A–loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: drug release properties. J Control Release. 2000;66:115–126
  7. Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Chitosan-based nanoparticles for topical genetic immunization. J Control Release. 2001;75:409–419
  8. Friedman AJ, Phan J, Tang D, Oren A, Modlin R, Kim J. Chitosan nanoparticles: agent for topical treatment of cutaneous inflammatory and infectious diseases. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:S130
  9. Shim J, Kang H, Park WS, Han SH, Kim J, Chang IS. Transdermal delivery of minoxidil with block copolymer nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2004;97:477–484
  10. Alvarez-Roman R, Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH, Fessi H. Skin penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2004;99:53–62
  11. Schafer-Korting M, Mehnert W, Korting HC. Lipid nanoparticles for improved topical application of drugs for skin diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59:427–443
  12. Muller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:S131–S155
  13. Alvarez-Roman R, Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH, Fessi H. Enhancement of topical delivery from biodegradable nanoparticles. Pharm Res. 2004;21:1818–1825
  14. Stracke F, Weiss B, Lehr CM, Koenig K, Schaefer UF, Schneider M. Multiphoton microscopy for the investigation of dermal penetration of nanoparticle-borne drugs. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:2224–2233
  15. Zhao Y, Brown MB, Jones SA. Engineering novel topical foams using hydrofluroalkane emulsions stabilised with pluronic surfactants. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009;37:370–377
  16. Zhao Y, Moddaresi M, Jones SA, Brown MB. A dynamic topical hydrofluoroalkane foam to induce nanoparticle modification and drug release in situ. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;72:521–528
  17. Purdon CH, Haigh JM, Surber C, Smith EW. Foam drug delivery in dermatology: beyond the scalp. Am J Drug Deliv. 2003;1:71–75
  18. Tamarkin D, Friedman D, Shemer A. Emollient foam in topical drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2006;3:799–807
  19. Pilpel N. Foams in pharmacy. Endeavour. 1985;9:87–91
  20. Schramm LL. Preparation, inhibition, and destruction of dispersions. In:  Schramm LL editors. Emulsions, foams, and suspensions: fundamentals and applications. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim; 2005;p. 201–223
  21. Anonymous. Foam. Facts & Comparisons 4.0 [monograph on the Internet]. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health. Available from http://www.factsandcomparisons.com/. [Accessed 26 January 2009].
  22. Wilkinson A. The manufacture of metered dose inhalers. In:  Purewell TS,  Grant DJW editor. Metered dose inhaler technology. Boca Raton (Fla): CRC Press LLC; 1998;p. 69–117
  23. Sanders P. Homogeneous systems and their properties. In:  Sanders P editors. Handbook of aerosol technology. 2nd ed.. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1979;p. 11–221
  24. Sciarra JJ, Cutie AJ. Aerosol suspensions and emulsions. In:  Lieberman HA,  Rieger MM,  Banker GS editor. Pharmaceutical dosage forms: disperse systems. 2nd ed.. New York: Dekker; 1996;p. 319–355
  25. Ozone Secretariat, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) . Summary of control measures under the Montreal Protocol. In: Ozone Secretarit , UNEP  editor. Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. 7th ed.. Nairobi, Kenya: Secretariat of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; 2006;p. 27–40
  26. McDonald KJ, Martin GP. Transition to CFC-free metered dose inhalers—into the new millennium. Int J Pharm. 2000;201:89–107
  27. Jones SA, Martin GP, Brown MB. High-pressure aerosol suspensions—a novel laser diffraction particle sizing system for hydrofluoroalkane pressurised metered dose inhalers. Int J Pharm. 2005;302:154–165
  28. Selvam P, Peguin RPS, Chokshi U, da Rocha SRP. Surfactant design for the 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane-water interface: ab initio calculations and in situ high-pressure tensiometry. Langmuir. 2006;22:8675–8683
  29. Peguin RPS, Selvam P, da Rocha SRP. Microscopic and thermodynamic properties of the HFA134a-water interface: atomistic computer simulations and tensiometry under pressure. Langmuir. 2006;22:8826–8830
  30. Chokshi U, Selvam P, Porcar L, da Rocha SRP. Reverse aqueous emulsions and microemulsions in HFA227 propellant stabilized by non-ionic ethoxylated amphiphiles. Int J Pharm. 2009;369:176–184
  31. Langevin D. Aqueous foams: a field of investigation at the frontier between chemistry and physics. Chemphyschem. 2008;9:510–522
  32. Stone HA, Koehler SA, Hilgenfeldt S, Durand M. Perspectives on foam drainage and the influence of interfacial rheology. J Phys Condens Matter. 2003;15:S283–S290
  33. Weaire D, Hutzler S. Foam collapse. In:  Weaire D,  Hutzler S editor. The physics of foams. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001;p. 144–150
  34. Pugh RJ. Foaming, foam films, antifoaming and defoaming. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 1996;64:67–142
  35. Tan SN, Fornasiero D, Sedev R, Ralston J. The role of surfactant structure on foam behaviour. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2005;263:233–238
  36. Menon A, Prabhu CS, Haridas M, Bellare JR, Mohan TRR. In situ formation and imaging of cellular alumina in a cryo-SEM environment. J Mater Sci Lett. 1997;16:1506–1508
  37. Sanders P. Emulsions, foams, and suspensions. In:  Sanders P editors. Handbook of aerosol technology. 2nd ed.. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1979;p. 305–309
  38. Abram AZ, Hunt BT (inventors); Stiefel Research Australia, Pty Ltd. (Rowville, AU) (assignee). Pharmaceutical foam. United States patent US 7374747. 20 May 2008.
  39. Weaire D, Hutzler S. Imaging and probing foam structure. In:  Weaire D,  Hutzler S editor. The physics of foams. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001;p. 56–75
  40. Kealy T, Abram A, Hunt B, Buchta R. The rheological properties of pharmaceutical foam: implications for use. Int J Pharm. 2008;355:67–80
  41. Eini M, Tamarkin D (inventors); Foamix Ltd. (Ness Zion, IL) (assignee). Pharmaceutical and cosmetic carrier and composition for topical application. United States patent US 6994863. 7 Feb 2006.
  42. Ricciatti-Sibbald D, Sibbald RG. Dermatologic vehicles. Clin Dermatol. 1989;7:11–24
  43. Housman TS, Mellen BG, Rapp SR, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR. Patients with psoriasis prefer solution and foam vehicles: a quantitative assessment of vehicle preference. Cutis. 2002;70:327–332
  44. Gottlieb AB, Ford RO, Spellman MC. The efficacy and tolerability of clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% in the treatment of mild to moderate plaque-type psoriasis of nonscalp regions. J Cutan Med Surg. 2003;7:185–192
  45. Wai-Chiu So T, Deo PP, Tait RJ (inventors); Connetics Australia Pty Ltd. (Victoria, AU) (assignee). Pharmaceutical composition. United States patent US 6946120. 20 Sep 2005.
  46. Tamarkin D, Friedman D, Eini M, Berman T, Schuz D, et al. (inventors); Foamix Ltd. (Ness Lion, IL) (assignee). Foamable vehicle and vitamin and flavonoid pharmaceutical compositions thereof. United States patent US 20080069779. 20 Mar 2008.
  47. Zarif L, Mallard C (inventors); Galderma S.A. (Cham, CH) (assignee). Topical foam/mousse compositions for treating psoriasis. United States patent US 20050281755. 22 Dec 2005.
  48. Hirsh J, Willis II JC, Hirsh M (inventors); Pabst Patent Group LLP (Atlanta, GA, US) (assignee). Topical aerosol foams. United States patent US 20060188449. 24 Aug 2006.
  49. Tamarkin D, Friedman D, Eini M, Besonov A, Danziger J, Schuz D, et al. (inventors); Foamix Ltd. (Ness Zion, IL) (assignee). Oleaginous pharmaceutical and cosmetic foam. United States patent US 20070292461. 20 Dec 2007.
  50. Tamarkin D, Friedman D, Besonov A (inventors); (Ness Zion, IL) (assignee). Saccharide foamable compositions. United States patent US 20060275221. 7 Dec 2006.
  51. Friedman D, Tamarkin D, Feiman N, Schuz D, Berman T. (inventors); Foamix Ltd. (Ness Zion, IL) (assignee). Polypropylene glycol foamable vehicle and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. United States patent US 20080152596. 26 Jun 2008.
  52. Tamarkin D, Friedman D, Eini M, Besonov A (inventors); Foamix Ltd. (Ness Zion, IL) (assignee). Cosmetic and pharmaceutical foam with solid matter. United States patent US 20050186147. 25 Aug 2005.
  53. Ho Y (inventor); Connetics Corporation (Palo Alto, CA, US) (assignee). Aerosol system having lockable cap. United States patent US 7222754. 29 May 2007.
  54. Barranco S, Leone P (inventors); Valois S.A.S (Le Neubourg, FR) (assignee). Valve gasket. United States patent US 7396019. 8 Jul 2008.
  55. Trumbore MW, Gurge RM, Hirsh JC (inventors); Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Cumberland, RI, US) (assignee). Topical pharmaceutical foam composition. United States patent US 20070154402. 5 Jul 2007.
  56. Tamarkin D, Friedman D, Eini M (inventors); Foamix Ltd. (Ness Zion, IL) (assignee). Foam incorporating eutetic mixture. United States patent US 20050075407. 7 Apr 2005.
  57. Konis Y, Kalay A (inventors); Kamedis Ltd. (Rehovot, IL) (assignee). Cosmetic and pharmaceutical foam carrier. United States patent US 20070224143. 27 Sep 2007.
  58. Huggins JK, Houlden RJ (inventors); Connetics Australia Pty Ltd. (Rowville, AU) (assignee). Film foaming hydroalcoholic foam. United States patent US 20060233727. 19 Oct 2006.
  59. Lorant R (inventors); L'Oreal S. A. (Paris, FR) (assignee). Pressurized device comprising an ultrafine foaming oil-in-water emulsion and use of this emulsion in cleansing and care of skin. United States patent US 6620855. 16 Sep 2003.
  60. Tamarkin D, Eini M, Friedman D, Zlatkis E, Schuz D, Berman T (inventors); Foamix Ltd. (Ness Zion, IL) (assignee). Sensation modifying topical composition foam. United States patent US 20080253973. 16 Oct 2008.
  61. Jones JI, Baker AR, Halls NG, Watmough P, Marriott P (inventors); Medeva Europe PLC (London, GB) (assignee). Method of treating a skin disease with a corticosteroid-containing pharmaceutical composition. United States patent US 6126920. 3 Oct 2000.
  62. Abram AZ, Goldstein L (inventors); Stiefel Research Australia, Pty Ltd. (Rowville, AU) (assignee). Fatty acid pharmaceutical foam. World patent WO 2008/008397. 17 Jan 2008.
  63. Abram AZ (inventor); Connetics Australia Pty Ltd. (Rowville, AU) (assignee). Mousse composition. United States patent US 7029659. 18 Apr 2006.
  64. Abram AZ (inventor); Connetics Australia Pty Ltd. (Rowville, AU) (assignee). Mousse composition. United States patent US 6730288. 4 May 2004.
  65. Gupta AK, Gover MD, Abramovits W. EVOCLIN (clindamycin phosphate foam, 1%). Skinmed. 2005;4:96–97
  66. Barry BW. Drug delivery routes in skin: a novel approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:S31–S40
  67. Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA. Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physicochemical properties. Toxicol Sci. 2006;91:159–165
  68. Baroli B, Ennas MG, Loffredo F, Isola M, Pinna R, Lopez-Quintela MA, et al. Penetration of metallic nanoparticles in human full-thickness skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:1701–1712
  69. Luengo J, Weiss B, Schneider M, Ehlers A, Stracke F, Konig K, et al. Influence of nanoencapsulation on human skin transport of flufenamic acid. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;19:190–197
  70. Cross SE, Innes B, Roberts MS, Tsuzuki T, Robertson TA, McCormick P, et al. Human skin penetration of sunscreen nanoparticles: in-vitro assessment of a novel micronized zinc oxide formulation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;20:148–154
  71. Pflucker F, Hohenberg H, Holzle E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, Wepf R, et al. The outermost stratum corneum layer is an effective barrier against dermal uptake of topically applied micronized titanium dioxide. Int J Cosmet Sci. 1999;21:399–411
  72. Schulz J, Hohenberg H, Pflücker F, Gärtner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, et al. Distribution of sunscreens on skin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:S157–S163
  73. Muller B, Kreuter J. Enhanced transport of nanoparticle associated drugs through natural and artificial membranes—a general phenomenon?. Int J Pharm. 1999;178:23–32
  74. Jenning V, Gysler A, Schafer-Korting M, Gohla SH. Vitamin A loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: occlusive properties and drug targeting to the upper skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000;49:211–218
  75. Shah KA, Date AA, Joshi MD, Patravale VB. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of tretinoin: potential in topical delivery. Int J Pharm. 2007;345:163–171
  76. Mei ZN, Chen HB, Weng T, Yang YJ, Yang XL. Solid lipid nanoparticle and microemulsion for topical delivery of triptolide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2003;56:189–196
  77. Wissing SA, Muller RH. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carrier for sunscreens: in vitro release and in vivo skin penetration. J Control Release. 2002;81:225–233
  78. Olvera-Martinez BI, Cazares-Delgadillo J, Calderilla-Faardo SB, Villalobos-Garcia R, Ganem-Quintanar A, Quintanar-Guerrero D. Preparation of polymeric nanocapsules containing octyl methoxycinnamate by the emulsification-diffusion technique: penetration across the stratum corneum. J Pharm Sci. 2005;94:1552–1559
  79. Souto EB, Wissing SA, Barbosa CM, Muller RH. Development of a controlled release formulation based on SLN and NLC for topical clotrimazole delivery. Int J Pharm. 2004;278:71–77
  80. Chen HB, Chang XL, Du DR, Liu W, Liu J, Weng T, et al. Podophyllotoxin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for epidermal targeting. J Control Release. 2006;110:296–306
  81. Borgia SL, Regehly M, Sivaramakrishnan R, Mehnert W, Korting HC, Danker K, et al. Lipid nanoparticles for skin penetration enhancement—correlation to drug localization within the particle matrix as determined by fluorescence and parelectric spectroscopy. J Control Release. 2005;110:151–163
  82. Alves MP, Scarrone AL, Santos M, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. Human skin penetration and distribution of nimesulide from hydrophilic gels containing nanocarriers. Int J Pharm. 2007;341:215–220
  83. Liu J, Hu W, Chen H, Ni Q, Xu H, Yang X. Isotretinoin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with skin targeting for topical delivery. Int J Pharm. 2007;328:191–195
  84. Lademann J, Richter H, Teichmann A, Otberg N, Blume-Peytavi U, Luengo J, et al. Nanoparticles—an efficient carrier for drug delivery into the hair follicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007;66:159–164
  85. Zhao Y, Brown MB, Jones SA. The topical delivery of benzoyl peroxide using elegant dynamic hydrofluoroalkane foams. J Pharm Sci. 2009;(in press)
  86. Zhao Y, Brown MB, Jones SA. The effects of particle properties on nanoparticle drug retention and release in dynamic minoxidil foams. Int J Pharm. 2009;(in press)

 No conflict of interest was reported by the authors of this paper.

PII: S1549-9634(09)00183-X

doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.08.002

Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Pages 227-236 , April 2010