Original ArticleNanomechanical properties and molecular structures of in vitro mineralized tissues on anodically-oxidized titanium surfaces
Graphical Abstract
The surface morphology of anodically oxidized titanium examined using (A) a scanning electron microscope and (B) a laser microscope.
Section snippets
Sample preparation
JIS grade 2 titanium (KS-50; Kobe Steel, Tokyo, Japan) was prepared with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 1.0 mm. The surface of each specimen was mechanically polished under running water using waterproof polishing papers (up to #1200 grit) before finishing with 0.3 μm diameter alumina particles. Prepared specimens were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone/detergent solution (7X; ICN Biomedicals, Aurora, OH, USA) and pure distilled water for 15 min, then dried and stored in a sealed desiccator for 1 week at
Surface topography
Pores with diameters in the micron or submicron scale were counted on Ao-Ti, whereas granular deposits forming on the Ti-Cl surface were quantitated. The mean surface roughness parameters are summarized in Table 2. The height parameters of both anodically oxidized Ao-Ti and Ti-Cl were higher than those of Ti and Ho-Ti.
XPS
The relative atomic concentration of each element on the titanium samples is shown in Table 3. The energy position of Cl2p on Ti–Cl was detected at 201.4 eV (not shown). Therefore,
Discussion
Both surface chemistry and topography have been advocated as critical indicators on anodically oxidized titanium.33, 34 The present study elucidates biological activities such as gene expression and mineralization of primary osteoblasts enhanced presumably by respective surface parameters on anodically oxidized titanium prepared with or without chloride solution.
We have demonstrated the developing thickness of a titanium oxide layer observed on thermally oxidized Ho-Ti and anodically oxidized
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Author contributions: Y.S. and I-K.J. performed project planning, experimental work, data interpretation and preparation of the manuscript. D.S., Wurihan, Y.T. and K.O. performed experimental work. R.T. and N.F. participated in data analysis. R.K. and T.M. supervised research and participated in project planning.
Funding sources: This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.