Original ArticleLigand-lipid and ligand-core affinity control the interaction of gold nanoparticles with artificial lipid bilayers and cell membranes
Graphical Abstract
Ligand-nanoparticle interactions control nanoparticle embedding in lipid membranes
Section snippets
Syntheses
AuTPPCl was synthesized by using the protocol of Reed et al33 (details for all NP see supplemental information). Triphenylphosphine-3-monosulfonic acid (TPPMS) was prepared according to Ahrland et al.34 Au1.4TPP was synthesized by a method of Schmid et al.35 For synthesis of 5 nm sized colloidal AuNPs HAuCl4 was reduced with NaBH4 in adaption to Selvakannan et al.36 Synthesis of about 10 nm sized colloidal AuNPs was performed by a citrate reduction of HAuCl4 according to Olmedo et al.37 For
Nanoparticle syntheses and characterization
Different routes were followed to synthesize TPPMS- or TPPTS-stabilized (Figure 1) AuNPs with varying sizes. The TPPMS-stabilized AuNPs with diameters of 1.4 nm and 15 nm were used in several earlier studies where the syntheses and the analytical data are described.26, 27, 39 To investigate the interactions of AuNPs in the size range of 5-12 nm, new TPPMS- as well as TPPTS-stabilized AuNPs were synthesized (see Methods and SI). Characterization with dynamic light scattering (DLS) depicts that for
Discussion
In order to compare the results obtained on lipid bilayer membranes with actual cell membranes, we have tested the above described AuNPs regarding their cytotoxicity toward HeLa cervix carcinoma epithelial cells (see SI for methods). In an earlier study we have shown for TPPMS-stabilized particles that Au1.4MS is the most cytotoxic species. Smaller particles as well as 15 nm sized TPPMS-stabilized particles were found to be less toxic.26 In this work we analyze whether besides the particle size
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JS and WW acknowledge support by the BMBF project “Molecular Interaction Engineering” in the program Biotechnology 2020 + and the program Science and Technology of Nanosystems at KIT. JB and US acknowledge support by the German Research Foundation DFG (Investigator Grants Si609/9 and Research Training Group “Biointerface”) as well as by the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state Governments (I3TM).
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The authors have equally contributed to this work.