Review ArticleThe innovative applications of therapeutic nanostructures in dentistry
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Basic concept of nanotechnology
The matter behaves differently when spectacular elevation occurs in its surface area to volume ratio. Classical physics no longer applied to the behavior of the material which is now under the control of quantum laws. “Quantum theory” represents the basic of modern physics that explains the behavior of matter and energy on atomic and subatomic level. This fact gives the nanostructured material new abilities and properties that may be more favorable than the ones of the bulk material version. A
Generations of nanotechnology development
Mihail Roco of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has described four generations of nanotechnology development according to increased complexity and dynamics8;
- 1.
First generation products/passive nanostructures: are the materials designed to perform one task. Either; dispersed and contact nanostructures as colloids and aerosols or products incorporating nanostructures as coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured polymers and ceramics.
- 2.
Second generation products/active nanostructures: are to
Dimensionality of nanostructures
Nanostructures can be classified on the basis of the grain structure and sizes; they are made up of according to Hu and Shaw,9 into:
- 1.
Zero-dimensional (0-D):
The nanostructure has all dimensions in the nanorange. For example: nanoparticles, quantum dots and nanodots.
- 2.
One-dimensional (1-D):
One dimension of nanostructure is outside the nanostructure range as nanowires, nanorods and nanotubes.
- 3.
Two-dimensional (2-D):
Two dimensions of the nanostructure are outside the nanometer range as coatings and
Nanostructures forms and shapes
Nanostructures come in different forms and shape provided that their dimension located in the range between 0.1 and 100 nm.10They are also of various compositions, thus offer vast variety of modified properties to facilitate innovative applications in dentistry.
Innovative dental applications of nanotechnology in preventive dentistry
The contemporary approaches of modern dentistry relay primary on early prevention of dental caries and minimally invasive approaches. The aid of nanotechnology furnish advanced delineation in the scope of dental caries prevention through fighting microbial biofilm formation and effective remineralization of initial dental decay.47
Dental enamel is considered the furthest mineralized natural tissue. Itis composed of organic and inorganic components, where almost 96 wt.% are inorganic while the
Therapeutic nanoparticles in dental adhesives
Attaining and maintaining a strong and durable adhesive joint between resin composite restorations and enamel and dentin tooth substrates via the use of contemporary adhesive systems is considered a major goal in restorative dentistry. This goal is considered now achieved with the enamel tooth substrate.111, 112, 113 However, the long term durability of the resin–dentin bond hasnot yet been established.54, 114, 115 This could be due to the heterogeneous structure of the dentin substrate,108 to
Nanotoxicity
Nanotoxicity is the expression describing toxicity arising from nanoparticles or nanostructures. According to the principles of toxicology, most of the substances could be considered as potentially toxic to humans. The people at higher risk of exposure to the dental nanomaterials are those at the nanomaterial production site, during research and development staff, as well as the dental staff and patients. In clinical situations, most of the dental nanomaterials were directly applied in the oral
Conclusion
Nanotechnology succeeded to yield strong impact in the dental field. Variety of nanostructures incorporated into the dental materials with innovative applications. Promising advantages of the nanoparticles in dental therapeutics dominate expanded approval particularly in the field of caries prevention, biomimetic repair and dental adhesion of composite restoratives.However, further investigations are required to understand the possible risks, if any, for human health and environment owing to
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Declaration of conflict of interest: The authors would like to clarify that they did not receive any funding or research grant during any step of this manuscript assembly and there is no financial or personal interest or belief that could affect objectivity of this submission. Additionally, there isnot any prior presentation of this manuscript abstract or any included tables or figures, at any former meeting and is not concurrently under consideration for publication in another journal.