Review ArticleNano-therapeutics: A revolution in infection control in post antibiotic era
Graphical Abstract
Schematic representation of antibacterial efficacy of drug versus antibacterial efficacy nanoparticles: A & C. Untargeted drug delivery at infection site causes adverse effects on healthy neighboring cells. B & D. Targeted (cellular or tissue) delivery of nanoparticles at infection site is precise, safer and more effective and therefore provides better treatment.
Section snippets
Classification of nanoparticles
Depending on the material used to produce matrix, NPs have been classified as follows (Table 1).
Antibacterial mechanisms of nanoparticles
The elevated use of NPs in the field of medicine has raised the interest of many researchers to further explore the potential antibacterial mechanisms of NPs, predominantly the metallic NPs. It has been suggested that NPs antibacterial activity requires contact with bacterial cells thereby damnifying them followed by crossing of NPs through the bacterial membrane, interfering with cellular components and metabolic machinery and ultimately leading to cell death. Following are the mechanisms that
Distribution of nanoparticles
The surface characteristics, size and the shape of a NP are the critical factors that affect their bio-distribution in-vivo. Small size NPs are slowly up taken by phagocytic cells and therefore undergo faster distribution in the body due to their rapid dissolution. Also, NPs of smaller size are found to have better drug loading efficiency and enhanced antimicrobial effect and thus lower MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). However, particles smaller than 5 nm undergo rapid clearance from
Nanoparticles as vaccine
Prophylactic vaccination has turned out to be one of the most powerful and effective interventions in the field of medicine to prevent and treat variety of infections. Recombinant or purified proteins obtained from the corresponding pathogen are being used in contemporary vaccines. They have been found to produce feeble immune response and are not sufficiently effective in the long-term.180 Majority of existing vaccines predominantly focuses on generating opsonizing or neutralizing antibodies,
Deficiency of current research and future prospects
Nanomedicine has come a long way in its brief history but there are still some voids that have to be explored so as to enjoy the bountiful results. Nanoformulation of drugs, that appear to bring a turning point in the use of antibiotics are being extensively studied in multiple nanoplatforms but there are certain clinical limitations that have waned clinicians enthusiasm in the recent past, like the associated toxicity and obstructions in drug delivery.
Conditions inside the body cannot be
Conclusion
As the methods and techniques involved in NPs formulation constantly advances, various innovative strategies have arisen, further augmenting the NP's therapeutic efficacy against different infections. NPs appear to be one of the potential treatments for infectious illnesses by selectively targeting difficult-to reach locations, where pathogens generally reside. Moreover, along with improved efficacy of drugs, NPs optimize physicochemical characteristics, thus permitting the clinical
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Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Funding: This study was supported by DST-PURSE Program Phase-II (Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence) No. SR/PURSE Phase 2/9.